A Pap smear, also known as a Pap test or cervical screening test, is a procedure used to collect cells from the cervix for examination. The purpose of the test is to identify abnormal cervical cell changes before they develop into more serious conditions.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a common virus that affects the skin and mucous membranes. HPV is primarily transmitted through intimate skin-to-skin contact and is one of the most common viral infections worldwide.

Cervical cell changes are abnormal changes in the cells of the cervix that are usually detected through cervical screening. Most cell changes are not cancer, but some may require monitoring or treatment to help prevent cervical cancer.

PCOS stands for Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. It is a common hormonal condition that affects up to 1 in 10 women of reproductive age.

Endometriosis is a chronic condition where tissue similar to the lining of the uterus (the endometrium) grows outside the uterus.