What are the fallopian tubes?
Written by Dr. Specialist Stine Andreassen
Specialist in Gynecology and Obstetrics, PhD in Obstetrics in 2015 and more than 15 years of clinical practice in Obstetrics and Gynecology
The fallopian tubes are two narrow tubes that connect the ovaries to the uterus. They play an essential role in reproduction by providing the pathway through which an egg travels from the ovary to the uterus.
Fertilization most commonly occurs inside a fallopian tube when a sperm meets an egg. For this reason, healthy fallopian tubes are important for natural conception.
Where are the fallopian tubes located?
The fallopian tubes are located in the pelvis, extending from the upper corners of the uterus toward the ovaries. Most women have two fallopian tubes:
One on the left side
One on the right side
Although the tubes are positioned close to the ovaries, they are not directly attached. Instead, the end of each tube has finger-like projections that help capture the egg after ovulation.
What do the fallopian tubes do?
The fallopian tubes have several important functions.
Capturing the egg
During ovulation, an ovary releases a mature egg. Finger-like structures at the end of the fallopian tube, called fimbriae, help guide the egg into the tube.
Transporting the egg
Tiny hair-like structures lining the tube, called cilia, help move the egg toward the uterus. The muscles within the tube also contract gently to assist the egg's journey.
Supporting fertilization
The fallopian tube is usually where fertilization occurs. If sperm are present, one sperm may fertilize the egg while it travels through the tube. The fertilized egg then begins dividing into multiple cells.
Transporting the embryo
After fertilization, the developing embryo continues its journey toward the uterus. Several days later, it may implant into the uterine lining and develop into a pregnancy.
What happens during ovulation?
Ovulation occurs when one of the ovaries releases a mature egg. The egg is captured by the nearby fallopian tube and begins travelling toward the uterus. If fertilization does not occur, the egg breaks down and is absorbed by the body.
Related resource:What is ovulation?
What happens if a fallopian tube is blocked?
A blocked fallopian tube can make it more difficult for sperm and egg to meet. Blockage may affect fertility because:
The egg cannot travel normally through the tube
Sperm may not be able to reach the egg
The embryo may not be able to reach the uterus
Some women have one blocked tube, while others may have both tubes affected.
What causes blocked fallopian tubes?
Several conditions can affect the fallopian tubes. Possible causes include:
Previous pelvic infections
Endometriosis
Scar tissue from surgery
Previous ectopic pregnancy
Inflammatory conditions affecting the pelvis
Some women experience symptoms, while others only discover a blockage during fertility investigations.
What is an ectopic pregnancy?
An ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants outside the uterus. Most ectopic pregnancies occur within a fallopian tube. Because a fallopian tube cannot support a growing pregnancy, ectopic pregnancy is a serious medical condition that requires prompt medical attention. Symptoms may include:
Pelvic pain
Vaginal bleeding
Shoulder tip pain
Dizziness or fainting
Anyone who suspects an ectopic pregnancy should seek urgent medical care.
Can you get pregnant with one fallopian tube?
Yes, many women with one healthy fallopian tube are able to conceive naturally. As long as ovulation occurs and the remaining tube is functioning normally, pregnancy may still occur.
How do healthcare professionals assess the fallopian tubes?
If fertility problems are suspected, healthcare professionals may recommend tests to evaluate whether the fallopian tubes are open. These investigations may include:
Ultrasound examinations
Hysterosalpingography (HSG)
Contrast ultrasound examinations
Laparoscopy in selected situations
The most appropriate investigation depends on the individual's medical history and fertility goals.
Do the fallopian tubes change with age?
Like other reproductive organs, the fallopian tubes are influenced by age and hormonal changes. The structure of the tubes remains relatively stable throughout adult life, but fertility naturally declines with age due primarily to changes in egg quantity and quality within the ovaries.
Related resources
What is the ovaries?
What is fertility?
What is ovulation?
Learn more about menstruation
FAQ – The fallopian tubes
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The fallopian tubes are two narrow tubes that connect the ovaries to the uterus and help transport eggs during the reproductive cycle.
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Their main function is to transport eggs from the ovaries toward the uterus and provide the usual site where fertilization occurs.
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Fertilization most commonly occurs inside a fallopian tube when a sperm meets an egg.
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Yes. Many women are able to conceive naturally with one healthy fallopian tube.
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Possible causes include pelvic infections, endometriosis, previous surgery, scar tissue, and ectopic pregnancy.
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An ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilized egg implants outside the uterus, most commonly in a fallopian tube.